Malaysia is probably the only country in the world with racial discrimination explicitly written into its constitution. The Malays—or to be more accurate, the bumiputras, or “sons of the soil”, a term that covers not only the Malays but other indigenous ethnic groups as well—felt themselves at a serious disadvantage when independence came in 1957. Under British protection, Malaysia's Chinese traders and businessmen had prospered. The bumiputras, who lived mainly in the rural areas and had little access to education, owned only 2.5% of the country's corporate assets, against over 30% for the Chinese. (Foreigners, mainly British, owned the rest.)
On May 13th 1969, simmering tension between the Malays and the Chinese burst on to the streets. By the end of that day, 200 people were dead, and Malaysia was on its way to adopting a wide-ranging policy of positive discrimination. Launched in 1971, the New Economic Policy (NEP) reserved the lion's share of government jobs and university places for bumiputras. Publicly quoted companies had to ensure that at least 30% of their shares were held by this group, and to hand out a similar share of jobs to them. At the same time the government “Malayised” education: Malay schools had to teach solely in Malay, not English, though Chinese-language primary schools, paid for by the government, and Chinese secondary schools, mainly funded by the Chinese community, were allowed to continue as before.
These policies have had a big impact, not all of it as planned. Counter productively, the education provisions have kept Malay and Chinese & Indian children apart, because they are educated in different establishments and in different languages. Not many Chinese & Indians can go to the national universities because there is a quota system. Although this has been relaxed in recent years, so that only 55% of places are now reserved for bumiputras, the Chinese & Indians are far more likely to send their children to university, so a Chinese & Indian student needs much better grades to be sure of a place. The solution until recently has been for tens of thousands of young Chinese & Indian Malaysians to be sent to study abroad, at great expense. For the Malays, the consequent decline in the standard of English has become quite marked.
The NEP and its successor plans have also left their mark on business, again not quite as intended. Chinese companies have, by and large, chosen to stay small and private, rather than growing to the point of having to comply with the NEP's requirements. At the same time, the encouragement given to Malay businessmen has led to some spectacular and expensive misjudgments. Critics argue that the NEP promoted crony capitalism (see article), with asset sales, cheap credit and large contracts being directed to a favoured few ethnic UMNO influenced Malays. The Asian economic crisis in 1997-98 exposed the consequent weaknesses.
Even so, it appears that Malaysia's Chinese have come to accept the NEP. For all its limitations, the Chinese in Malaysia think themselves better off than in neighbouring Thailand or Indonesia, where they had to assimilate completely. In Thailand, they were forced to take Thai names: if you did not know that, you might think there were no Chinese in Thailand at all. In Indonesia, most manifestations of Chinese culture (though not names) were suppressed: at one time, it was illegal to import Chinese books or papers. Even so, Indonesia experienced repeated pogroms. “If the NEP is the price we pay to keep our culture and live safely, it is not a bad price,” says one Chinese businessman. “The policy has actually helped us,” argues Ng Lip Yong, a Chinese member of parliament. “It has made us more resilient, more competitive. We have had to fight the handicaps, and it has made us tougher.” No business could sound more Malay than Royal Selangor, Malaysia's famous pewter-maker, but it is owned and run by a Chinese.
In any case, the days of the NEP now appear to be numbered. In a famous book published in 1970, “The Malay Dilemma”, Dr Mahathir, who had just been expelled from UMNO for criticising the leadership, argued that Malays had to decide “whether they should stop trying to help themselves in order that they should be proud to be the poor citizens of a prosperous country, or whether they should try to get at some of the riches that this country boasts of, even if it blurs the economic picture of Malaysia a little”. In the 1970s, UMNO chose the second of those options. But Dr Mahathir called it a dilemma advisedly, and it seems that he still sees it as one. At any rate, the first option now seems to be finding increasing favour.
For the past couple of years, Dr Mahathir and Mr Badawi have been calling on Malays to “throw away their crutches”. If anything, Mr Badawi believes this even more strongly than his boss. In 2000, he was the first to break the taboo, describing the NEP as “mollycoddling”, and extolling the virtues of competition. The 30% target that was supposed to be achieved by 1990, but the government seems to think that discrimination has not done its work.
None of this is to suggest that race relations in Malaysia are perfect: far from it. It seems invidious, for example, that Malaysia's political parties are all race-based.
Adam
via email
PEOPLE'S POWER
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